Merancang Rangkaian Sensor Garis

 

Sensor garis sering digunakan pada robot line follower (robot pengikut garis), digunakan juga sebagai pendeteksi objek dengan permukaan bidang pantul yang kontras.

 

Nah, pada blog ini dijelaskan bagaimana cara mendesain sensor garis tersebut menggunakan sensor

photodiode.

 

Selain menggunakan photodiode dapat juga dirancang dengan menggunakan phototranssistor, infra red, dan masih banyak laennya.

 

Sensor photodiode adalah salah satu jenis sensor peka cahaya (photodetector). Photodiode akan mengalirkan arus yang membentuk fungsi linear terhadap intensitas cahaya yang diterima. Arus ini umumnya teratur terhadap power density (Dp).

 

Perbandingan antara arus keluaran dengan power density disebut sebagai current responsitivity. Arus yang dimaksud adalah arus bocor ketika photodiode tersebut disinari dan dalam keadaan dipanjar mundur.

 

Hubungan antara keluaran sensor photodiode dengan intensitas cahaya yang diterimanya ketika dipanjar mundur adalah membentuk suatu fungsi yang linier. Hubungan antara keluaran sensor photodiode dengan intensitas cahaya ditunjukkan pada Gambar berikut.

 

 

Gambar Hubungan keluaran photodiode dengan intensitas cahaya

 

Mekanisme Perancangan Sensor Garis

 

LED superbright berfungsi sebagai pengirim cahaya ke garis untuk dipantulkan lalu dibaca oleh sensor photodiode. Sifat dari warna putih (permukaan terang) yang memantulkan cahaya dan warna hitam (permukaan gelap) yang tidak memantulkan cahaya digunakan dalam aplikasi ini. Gambar dibawah ini adalah ilustrasi mekanisme sensor garis.

 

 

Gambar Ilustrasi mekanisme sensor garis

 

Prinsip Kerja Sensor

 

Pada rancangan sensor photodiode dibawah ini, nilai resistansinya akan berkurang bila terkena cahaya dan bekerja pada kondisi riverse bias.

 

Untuk pemberi pantulan cahayanya digunakan LED superbright, komponen ini mempunyai cahaya yang sangat terang, sehingga cukup untuk mensuplai pantulan cahaya ke photodiode. Berikut ini prinsip dan gambaran kerja dari sensor photodiode.

 

 

Gambar Sensor photodiode tidak terkena cahaya

 

Saat photodiode tidak terkena cahaya, maka nilai resistansinya akan besar atau dapat diasumsikan tak hingga. Sehingga tidak ada arus bocor yang mengalir menuju komparator.

 

Gambar Sensor photodiode terkena cahaya

 

Saat photodiode terkena cahaya, maka photodiode akan bersifat sebagai sumber tegangan dan nilai resistansinya akan menjadi kecil, sehingga akan ada arus bocor yang mengalir ke komparator.

 

 

 

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Praktikum 2
digitalRead () dan Komunikasi Serial

 

Pada praktikum kali ini, kita akan mencoba penggunaan button sebagai input ke arduino, dan membaca hasilnya pada komputer kita. Untuk membuat sebuah robot diperlukan pemahaman tentang sensor. Pada dasarnya sensor ini bekerja layaknya sebuah button, saat satu kondisi tertentu mengalirkan arus listrik dan dilain waktu tidak atau mengalirkan arus listrik dengan proporsi tertentu. Nah, itulah yang nantinya diterima oleh Arduino. Dari hasil bacaan sensor tersebut barulah kita membuat program/sketch aksi apa yang harus dilakukan oleh Arduino terhadap bacaan sensor. Untuk praktikum kali ini kita menggunakan button sebagai sensor kita.

 

Komponen yang Dibutuhkan

Arduino Uno 1x

Protoboard 1x

Pushbutton 1x

Resistor 10kOhm 1x

Kabel Jumper 3x

Langkah-Langkah Praktikumnya..

 

 

klik gambar untuk memperbesar

Susun dan rangkai komponen-komponen praktikum seperti gambar di atas.

1. Hubungkan Kaki 1 Push Button dengan pin 5v Arduino menggunakan kabel jumper (gunakan warna merah)

2. Hubungkan Kaki 2 Push Button dengan salah satu kaki Resistor 10KOhm dan pin digital 2 Arduino. Untuk ke pin 2 arduino gunakan kabel jumper (gunakan warna kuning)

3. Hubungkan kaki Resistor yang belum terhubung ke pin Gnd arduino menggunakan kabel jumper (gunakan warna hitam)

4. Pasang dan hubungkan kabel USB ke arduino kemudian sambungkan dengan port USB komputer

5. Bukalah IDE Arduino pada komputer kemudian ketikkan Program/Sketch berikut

 

 

Buka Jendela IDE arduino kemudian ketikkan sketch di samping.

int pushButton = 2; void setup()  {   Serial.begin(9600);   pinMode(pushButton, INPUT); } void loop()  {  int kondisiButton = digitalRead(pushButton);   Serial.println( kondisiButton);   delay(1); }

6. Compile sketch tersebut menggunakan tombol "verify" atau pilih File >  pada IDE Arduino jika tidak ada error, Upload ke Board Arduino menggunakan tombol "Upload".

7. Buka jendela komunikasi serial pada IDE arduino caranya, pilih Tools > Serial Monitor.

Jika tidak ada kesalahan, maka hasil dari input yang mana dalam praktikum ini yaitu Pushbutton akan terbaca di jendela komunikasi serial pada IDE arduino. Cobalah menekan Pushbutton dan amati hasilnya pada jendela komunikasi serial tersebut.

 

Diskusi dan Pembahasan Sketchnya..

Baiklah, sekarang kita akan membahas tentang sketch yang telah kita ketikkan. Perhatikan kembali sketch berikut:

 

Lanjut Membaca..

 

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Belajar Membuat Robot

DASAR INPUT & OUTPUT DIGITAL

PRAKTIKUM 3

TUJUAN PRAKTIKUM

Praktikan mampu memahami beberapa contoh project sederhana dari praktikum-praktikum sebelumnya.

Praktikan dapat memahami penggunaan dari sytax: for(;;), array[] = {,,,}

HARDWARE

(1xArduino, 1xProtoboard, 6xLED5mm, 7xkabel jumper, 6xResistor330Ω atau 1kΩ)

LANGKAH PRAKTIKUM

Baca Selengkapnya di BBROBOT INDONESIA

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belajar Arduino tutorial untuk pemula.
pulpenkumacet..

Daily insight: Euro left riding high after better than forecast data

Friday 04 October 2013 Can't read this email? Click Here

Read our great customer feedback. Click Here For the latest news read our currency blog. Click Here 09:30 GBP Lloyds Employment Confidence (SEP) 10:00 EUR EuroZone Producer Price Index (AUG) 13:30 USD All US Economic Data Scheduled for Oct 4th Delayed by Federal Shutdown 15:00 CAD Ivey Purchasing Managers Index s.a. (SEP) Dear Subscriber, Please find below today's update which gives you an insight into the current market conditions, enabling you to keep informed and up to date on the latest currency movements. Headlines • UK services PMI dips modestly in September - prints at 60.3 • Eurozone services PMI and retail sales climb - Euro broadly strengthens • US Non-farm payrolls won't be published - Federal shutdown lumbers on • RBA still willing to reduce rates further - weaker 'Aussie' desirable. Sterling After a bullish start to the week, the Pound tripped up yesterday as UK house prices increased at a slower rate than expected and domestic services PMI came in at 60.3 in September rather than the 60.5 expected. Whilst all of this week's UK data points to a broad-based recovery - and more rapid growth than either the government or Bank of England appeared to expect - the Pound softened by the most for two weeks against the Euro as the common currency was boosted by encouraging news from the Eurozone. It also posted its first decline against the US Dollar for four days. With investors speculating that its recent rally was overdone, Sterling edged away from its nine-month high against the US Dollar in spite of the political concerns weighing on the North American asset. Euro Several pieces of better-than-forecast data left the Euro riding-high as the European session closed yesterday. The common currency gained notably on the Pound and jumped to an eight-month high against the 'Greenback' after the Eurozone's services sector expanded by more than estimated, with PMI of 52.2 in September rather than the 52.1 initially recorded. Gains were consolidated after a retail sales report for the currency bloc showed that sales declined by 0.3 per cent in August, year-on-year - considerably less than the drop of 1.5 per cent predicted. News that the Portuguese government has upwardly revised its growth forecast for 2014 following the completion of the Troika's latest review of Portugal's bailout lent the Euro additional support overnight. US Dollar With the debt ceiling fast approaching, US lawmakers failing to reach an agreement which would bring an end to the Federal shutdown and the odds of the Federal Reserve tapering stimulus falling by the day, the US Dollar was trapped in a bearish relationship with peers like the Euro yesterday. However, the 'Greenback' recovered recent losses against a broadly softening Pound as investors labelled the British currency's recent surge excessive. While the highly influential US non-farms payrolls report was scheduled for publication at 13:00 GMT today, the ongoing government shutdown is preventing its release. The report was expected to show that the US economy added 180,000 positions in September. If accurate, the result would have gone a long way to increasing the likelihood of the Fed reining in easing before the end of the year. Canadian Dollar The 'Loonie' was trading in a tight range against both the Pound and US Dollar yesterday as a lack of pertinent domestic data and weighty political pressures from the US restricted CAD movement. Fears that Canadian growth will suffer as a result of the federal shutdown left the Canadian Dollar close to a two-week low and trading in its tightest range against its US counterpart for six months. The commodity-driven asset fluctuated modestly against the Pound as investors digested UK services and house price reports. Canadian Dollar fluctuations could occur before the weekend in response to Canada's Ivey PMI. Australian Dollar With investors betting that the Reserve Bank of Australia will refrain from issuing an additional rate increase before the close of 2013, the 'Aussie' was supported. The Australian Dollar also benefited from the expectation that next week's services data for China will show improvement. The South Pacific asset advanced against the majority of its most traded rivals during the local session and is heading for a five-day gain against the US Dollar and Pound. New Zealand Dollar After posting a significant decline against the US Dollar last week, the 'Kiwi' has enjoyed something of a rebound in recent days. As the 'Greenback' softened in the face of the ongoing political fracas in the US, the New Zealand Dollar advanced, posting a five-day gain of 0.6 per cent on its North American counterpart. If you need any further assistance, or require a live dealing quote - please do not hesitate to contact me on 01736 335250 or send an email to info@torfx.com Regards, TorFX Any opinions expressed in this document are those of TorFX analysts. Any analysis and/or forecasts provided are aimed at helping clients understand market conditions and developing trends. Clients are wholly responsible for their own trading decisions. Unauthorised copying or re-wording of this content is prohibited. The copyright of this content is owned by Tor Currency Exchange Ltd. Any unauthorised copying or re-wording will constitute an infringement of copyright.

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